Several factors influence the friction between metal surfaces. Six key variables include:

• Surface Roughness: The roughness or smoothness of the contacting surfaces can significantly impact the frictional forces, as rougher surfaces typically exhibit higher friction.
• Material Properties: The composition, hardness, and microstructure of the metals involved can affect their frictional behavior and the formation of surface films or layers that influence friction.
• Load: The applied normal force or load on the contacting surfaces can influence the frictional forces, as higher loads generally lead to increased friction.
• Relative Velocity: The relative velocity or sliding speed between the contacting surfaces can affect the frictional forces and the transition between different friction regimes.
• Environment: The presence of lubricants, contaminants, humidity, or other environmental factors can influence the friction between metal surfaces by affecting the formation and stability of surface films or layers.
• Temperature: The temperature of the contacting surface can impact the frictional forces, as higher temperatures may alter the material properties, surface films, or lubricant behavior.

While friction is an unavoidable phenomenon, there are a few tried-and-true mitigation methods used to dramatically lower the rate and severity of frictional forces, including:

• Surface Finishing: Optimize the surface finish of metal components through polishing, grinding, or other finishing techniques to reduce surface roughness and decrease friction. Use protective metallic coatings known for high wear resistance and can be run against itself to further lower the coefficient of friction. Thin dense chrome is a protective metallic coating that excels in friction reduction, especially when paired with the proper lubricant.
• Lubrication Retention: Apply appropriate lubricants to reduce friction and wear between contacting surfaces, providing a protective film that separates the surfaces and minimizes direct metal-to-metal contact.
• Proper Design: Design mechanical systems to minimize areas of high friction or stress concentrations and consider the use of low-friction coatings or surface treatments where appropriate.
• Material Selection: Choose materials with suitable properties, such as low friction coefficients, good wear resistance, and high load-carrying capacity.
• Temperature Control: Control the operating temperature of mechanical systems to maintain optimal material properties and lubricant performance, reducing friction-related energy losses and high rates of wear.
• Regular Maintenance and Monitoring: Inspect and maintain mechanical systems regularly to identify and address signs of excessive friction or wear, ensuring optimal performance and extending component life passed expectations.